In all countries, whether developed or developing, whether industrialized or industrializing, vast sectors of the economy must be ecologically modernized, especially the production, distribution and consumption of energy and food, the basic transport infrastructure, and the built habitat. As every single human activity is directly or indirectly intertwined with the natural environment, we need to agree new ways of valuing the innumerable services that the natural world provides to nations and peoples.

My research activities in 2023 and 2024 have continued to explore the dynamic interplay between green transitions ‘from above’ and transformational struggles ‘from below.’ Together, they promise to rein back planetary environmental degradation and to temper the acceleration of climate change (Rival 2022, 2021, 2019).