This seminar asks a question with major implications for poverty monitoring and policy: when we say poverty is falling, what exactly do we mean – and does the answer change depending on what we measure and how we measure progress? In this seminar, OPHI Researchers Ricardo Nogales and Lhachi Selden argue for a '4×3 framework' for measuring poverty. Poverty should be considered using four measures: global monetary poverty, global multidimensional poverty, national monetary poverty and national multidimensional poverty. Trends in each should, where data permit, be viewed through three lenses: absolute change, relative change and change in the number of poor people. And analysis of these data should go beyond the national level, to analyse whether the poorest subnational regions are being left behind in poverty reduction efforts. Together, these perspectives can help motivate action by identifying and celebrating different types of progress towards the goal of ending poverty – a goal which should remain at the centre of the global agenda. To this end, the ‘4×3 framework’ should be both used and communicated clearly both during the SDG reporting period and beyond 2030.